Introduction: One phoneme in one language corresponds to other phoneme in a related language. For instance, the English 't' in the beginning of a word corresponds to German 'z'. For example: two-zwei, ten-zehn, tooth-Zahn, tongue-Zunge, twig-Zweig, toe-Zeh, too-zu, tame-zahm... This game randomly generates words as if they were in two related languages.

SUMMARY: The game has three parts. In the Part #1, you are supposed to find which words from the simulated languages are cognates. In the Part #2, you are supposed to find which words belong to which language. In the Part #3, you are supposed to find which set of sound changes belongs to which language.


Part 1: Here are two randomly generated related languages. Choose the word in the second language that shares the same root as the specified word in the first one.
Example: Choose the correct cognate to 'twig':
A) sonne
B) bett
C) zweig
D) traum
Solution: The solution is 'zweig'. Namely, if you didn't guess, the languages in this example were English and German (in further tasks, they will be simulated languages). The specified word, 'twig', is in English. It starts with a 't'. The English 't' in the beginning of a word corresponds to German 'z'. Only one of the presented German words start with a 'z', it's 'zweig'. Note that 'traum', for example, can't be a cognate, because English 't' in the beginning of a word corresponds to German 'z', and not to a 't'. If both English and German word meaning the same start with a 't', it's probably a result of borrowing (like both languages borrowing the word from Latin). This game doesn't simulate borrowing.

Choose the correct cognate to 'etqud':
A)ah
B)pir
C)quag
D)tsud
Solution: tsud (<*tsud)

Choose the correct cognate to 'ecdoqe':
A)pog
B)quye
C)uhu
D)acdos
Solution: acdos (<*cdos)

Choose the correct cognate to 'tso':
A)yo
B)lup
C)gowra
D)aimna
Solution: yo (<*yo)

Choose the correct cognate to 'ekjuqe':
A)qujuw
B)acgoag
C)ouh
D)vahg
Solution: qujuw (<*kjuq)

Choose the correct cognate to 'limfe':
A)nod
B)atvak
C)wuj
D)nimfe
Solution: nimfe (<*nimfe)

Choose the correct cognate to 'uolebji':
A)uu
B)quepu
C)wec
D)oulabji
Solution: oulabji (<*olbji)

Choose the correct cognate to 'avd':
A)aiy
B)aud
C)ajkom
D)vow
Solution: aud (<*avd)

Choose the correct cognate to 'iur':
A)tiwg
B)cobha
C)aiur
D)ail
Solution: aiur (<*iur)

Choose the correct cognate to 'ebzemve':
A)abyamba
B)cebxa
C)tagnofbalha
D)apxe
Solution: abyamba (<*byemb)

Choose the correct cognate to 'wec':
A)wec
B)agpapnul
C)juw
D)ji
Solution: wec (<*wec)

Choose the correct cognate to 'pod':
A)asni
B)pod
C)agkoc
D)rep
Solution: pod (<*pod)

Choose the correct cognate to 'tesge':
A)hiwra
B)ajge
C)huc
D)sot
Solution: ajge (<*zge)

Choose the correct cognate to 'edqetme':
A)fu
B)yiw
C)dwetma
D)beh
Solution: dwetma (<*dqetm)

Choose the correct cognate to 'eqehou':
A)abto
B)uhu
C)quhuh
D)apxe
Solution: uhu (<*qhu)

Choose the correct cognate to 'mivre':
A)co
B)co
C)oule
D)miur
Solution: miur (<*mivr)

Choose the correct cognate to 'luv':
A)luu
B)yiw
C)acjox
D)acraw
Solution: luu (<*luv)

Choose the correct cognate to 'ji':
A)vow
B)veg
C)ji
D)coy
Solution: ji (<*ji)

Choose the correct cognate to 'egber':
A)jei
B)agber
C)wuj
D)acyei
Solution: agber (<*gber)

Choose the correct cognate to 'xewqe':
A)cews
B)advei
C)abconwa
D)ciujagpa
Solution: cews (<*xews)

Choose the correct cognate to 'qaw':
A)saw
B)jivu
C)adne
D)aijsa
Solution: saw (<*saw)

Choose the correct cognate to 'up':
A)u
B)up
C)ukuh
D)ghek
Solution: up (<*up)

Choose the correct cognate to 'hir':
A)tugda
B)qulo
C)abcobxa
D)hir
Solution: hir (<*hir)

Choose the correct cognate to 'ebre':
A)lad
B)ajge
C)ebra
D)ajneflej
Solution: ebra (<*ebr)

Choose the correct cognate to 'efperxolqe':
A)aclo
B)oup
C)dwoy
D)afparxol
Solution: afparxol (<*foprxwolq)

Choose the correct cognate to 'vutse':
A)vuj
B)loduh
C)accow
D)vuy
Solution: vuy (<*vuy)

Choose the correct cognate to 'revqi':
A)nidpa
B)cal
C)yoj
D)reuwi
Solution: reuwi (<*revqi)

Part 2: We hope you got familiar with the grammar of the two languages. Connect each word in the pairs to one of the two languages.
Example: Connect each of the words in the pairs to the correct language:
English: two
German: zwei
(two,zwei) (zehn,ten) (twig,zweig) (traum,dream)
Solution: The words 'ten', 'two' and 'twig' belong to English while the words 'zweig', 'zwei' and 'zehn' belong to German, because there is a regular sound correspondence between English 't' and German 'z' in the beginning of a word. The word 'traum' belongs to German while the word 'dream' belongs to English, because English 'd' corresponds to German 't' ('day'-'tag','daughter'-'tochter'...). If 'traum' was an English word, the German cognate would have to start with a 'z'.

Connect each of the words in the pairs to the correct language:
Roots: *ozrgzabluqg *imn *fuq *cobh *zri *ov *kqim *gba
Language A: tseregzabluqeg
Language B: ajragjablug
(ajragjablug,tseregzabluqeg) (aimna,imne) (fuw,fuqe) (cobhe,cobha) (ajri,tesri) (owu,uov) (ekqim,quwim) (agbei,egbua)
Solution:
Language A: tseregzabluqeg imne fuqe cobhe tesri uov ekqim egbua
Language B: ajragjablug aimna fuw cobha ajri owu quwim agbei


Part 3: Here are three formally written descriptions of phonologies of the simulated languages, in a format that would be used by an actual linguist. Can you recognize which one belongs to which language?
Example: Connect the formal descriptions of the sound changes to the language they belong to:
English:
German:
1) 0[t]>z
2) V[b]V>v
Solution: The change '0[t]>z' belongs to German, because, in German, 't' in the beginning of a word changes into 'z'. The change 'V[b]V>v' belongs to English, because, in English, 'b' between two vowels turns to a 'v' (compare, for instance, English 'have' and German 'haben' or English 'give' and German 'geben').

Connect the formal descriptions of the sound changes to the language they belong to:
Proto-language (the roots):
Language A:
Language B:
1) [z]>j, N[y]>z, 0[q]>v, [q]>w, 0[k]>qu, 0[o]>ou, [v]C>u, 0[x]>c, [e]N>a, V[i]>ai, [a]0>ei, CCC>CaCC
2) [u]V>ou, 0[o]C>uo, [t]V>d, [a]V>ua, [s]>q, V[n]>l, N[l]>s, [y]V>z, V[z]>ts, N[x]>c, N[b]C>v, CCC>CeCC
3) 0[w]C>0, C[w]0>0, 0[y]C>0, C[y]0>0, 0[C1]C1>0
Solution:
Proto-language: 3)
Language A: 2)
Language B: 1)